巴西移民局表示，2023年4月之后，只有根据国际劳工组织C185签发的SID才会被承认为海员的有效旅行证件。

国际劳工组织于2003年通过了《第185号海员身份证件公约》(C185)，巴西于2010年批准了该公约，当时已过时的国际劳工组织1958年第108号公约(C108)遭到谴责。

修订后的C185于2015年颁布，并于2019年正式生效。

然而，巴西移民局(联邦警察)继续接受根据C108签发的海员身份证件(SID)，俗称“海员手册”，尽管该公约早已被撤销。

背景

2020年，联邦警察最终加强了对海员的移民管制，要求国际劳工组织C185 SID作为允许外国船员短期停留的条件。当年晚些时候，在新冠肺炎疫情最严重的时候，根据劳工组织关于海事劳工问题的决议，移民当局放宽了规则，并根据已废除的公约为SIDs给予了连续的宽限期，最后一次宽限期延长至2023年4月30日。

随着最后期限的临近，巴西利亚联邦警察局移民总协调员向当地航运代理工会预告，从2023年5月1日起不会再延期。因此，只有持有国际劳工组织C185 SID的海员才能入境；或者，他们必须出示有效护照，并根据其国籍和停留时间，出示签证才能入境或下船遣返。

国际劳工组织C185海员身份证件样本、卡片、小册子格式，资料来源：国际劳工组织

海员入境管制

入境要求

作为船员在巴西水域的货船、游轮或平台上签上或签下的外国海员入境和转移的文件要求总结如下：

a） 当持有有效的C185 SID时：

 ● “V”类临时工作签证(VITEM V)适用于在外国船舶或平台上停留超过180天

 ● VITEM V签证，适用于在悬挂巴西国旗的船只或平台上工作，无论雇佣期限如何

b） 当未持有有效的C-185 SID时：

 ● 游客商务签证（VIVIS），适用于每个移民年最多停留90天，不可延期

 ● VITEM V签证，适用于在悬挂巴西国旗的船舶或平台上工作，无论雇佣期限如何

 ● VITEM V签证，适用于在外国货船和游轮上停留超过180天

 ● VITEM V签证，适用于每年在除货船和游轮以外的平台和船舶上停留超过90天

 ● 没有有效C185 SID的海员需要签证的国家名单可以在外交部网站上找到。

c） 以下人员无需签证：

 ● 船员和船上其他外国专业人员，其国籍免除了他们在每个移民年停留90天的VIVIS签证，只要他们出示在整个停留期间有效的护照

 ● 持有有效C185 SID的船员，每个移民年最多停留180天，前提是他们通过海路入境，或证明入境目的是登上平台、远洋货船或沿巴西海岸航行的游轮

 ● 携带不符合国际劳工组织C185标准的SID的外国海员最终可能会留在船上，但将无法下船，船东将对违反规定的每位船员处以罚款

由于巴西与一些国家签订了双边贸易协议，联邦警察局可能会在某些条件下允许国籍需要签证或国家尚未签署国际劳工组织C185的船员入境。

联邦警察局可以允许不符合入境要求的海员入境，前提是承运人或其航运代理承担其逗留、福利和遣返所需的费用。该责任不影响自2021年起在巴西生效的《2006年国际劳工组织海事劳工公约》(MLC 2006)规定的其他责任。

停留时间

无论海员是否持有国际劳工组织C-185 SID或护照，联邦警察都可能要求提供海员在该国的合法性和意图以及财务能力的证明。移民当局也可酌情限制逗留期限。

无签证海员在该国的最长停留期从第一个巴西港口的移民清关之日起计算。当船只离开最后一个巴西港口或海员被遣返时，最长停留期限结束。停留时间从抵达（或离开）第一个（或最后一个）移民检查站开始计算。

对逾期居留的海员，可按日处以罚款。

处罚

移民罚款

《巴西移民法》规定，对违反规定的旅行者（从100巴西雷亚尔到10000巴西雷亚尔）和承运人（从1000巴西里亚尔到100万巴西里亚尔）处以罚款。如果再犯，刑罚可以成倍增加。

携带不符合规定证件的旅客（船员、乘客和偷渡者）的罚款通常设定在表格的较低级别（每人1000巴西雷亚尔）。但是，在情节严重的情况下，联邦警察可以行使自由裁量权并提高罚款金额。

船东对船上的船员、乘客和偷渡者负有法律责任。唯一免除责任的是由于不可抗力或天灾直接导致的犯罪。

除了罚款外，当局还可以下令遣返或驱逐违反移民规定的外国游客。

抗辩和保障措施

处罚可以通过行政或司法手段提出质疑，在对抗性制度下，罪犯享有充分的辩护权和上诉权。

移民罚款从被指控的违规行为发生之日起，有五年的时间限制。在永久或持续侵权的情况下，时间条将从违法行为停止时开始计算。

关于《巴西海员移民管制实用指南》的详细信息。

英文原文

Brazilian immigration authority indicated that after April 2023, only SIDs issued under the ILO C185 will be recognised as valid travel documents for seafarers

The Seafarer’s Identity Documents Convention No. 185 (C185), adopted by the ILO in 2003, was ratified by Brazil in 2010 when the outdated ILO Convention 108 (C108) of 1958 was denounced. The revised version of C185 was enacted in 2015 and came into full force after its regulation in 2019. However, the Brazilian immigration authority (Federal Police) continued to accept the seafarer’s identity document (SID), colloquially referred to as the “seaman’s book”, issued under the C108 even though this convention has long been revoked.

Background

In 2020, the Federal Police eventually tightened immigration controls on seafarers, requiring ILO C185 SIDs as a condition for allowing short stays of foreign crewmembers. At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic later that year, in response to an ILO resolution on maritime labour issues, the immigration authority relaxed the rules and granted successive grace periods for SIDs issued under the repealed convention, the last extension valid until 30 April 2023.

With the deadline approaching, the General Coordinator of Immigration of the Federal Police in Brasília anticipated to the local union of shipping agencies that there will be no further extension from 1 May 2023. Therefore, only seafarers carrying an ILO C185 SID will be allowed entry; alternatively, they will have to present a valid passport and, depending on their nationality and length of stay, a visa to enter the country or disembark for repatriation.

Seafarer’s immigration controls

Entry requirements

The documentary requirements for the entry and transfer of foreign seafarers working as crewmembers signing on or off cargo vessels, cruise ships or platforms in Brazilian waters can be summarised as follows:

a) When holding a valid C185 SID:

 ● Temporary Work Visa type ‘V’ (VITEM V) for stays longer than 180 days aboard foreign ships or platforms

 ● VITEM V visa for working onboard Brazilian-flagged vessels or platforms, regardless of the term of employment

b) When NOT holding a valid C-185 SID:

Visitor Business Visa (VIVIS) for stays up to 90 days per migratory year, non-extendable

 ● VITEM V visa for working onboard Brazilian-flagged ships or platforms, regardless of the term of employment

 ● VITEM V visa for stays exceeding 180 days aboard foreign cargo vessels and cruise ships

 ● VITEM V visa for stays exceeding 90 days per year on platforms and vessels other than cargo and cruise ships

 ● The list of countries whose seafarers without a valid C185 SID need a visa can be found on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs website.

c) No visa will be required of:

 ● Crewmembers and other foreign professionals on board whose nationality exempts them from a VIVIS visa for stays up to 90 days per migratory year upon presentation of a passport valid for the entire length of stay

 ● Crewmembers holding a valid C185 SID for a maximum stay of 180 days per migratory year, provided they enter the country by sea or demonstrate that the purpose of entry is to embark on a platform, a cargo vessel on an ocean-going voyage or a cruise ship sailing along the Brazilian coast

 ● Foreign seafarers carrying a SID not complying with ILO C185 standards may eventually remain on board the vessel, at the discretion of the Federal Police, but will not be able to disembark, with owners subject to a fine for each crewmember in breach of the regulation

Due to Brazil’s bilateral trade agreements with some nations, the Federal Police may allow, under certain conditions, the landing of crew members whose nationality requires a visa or whose country has not signed ILO C185.

The Federal Police may allow entry of seafarers who do not meet the requirements for admission, provided that the carrier or its shipping agent undertakes the expenses incurred with their stay, welfare and repatriation. This liability is without prejudice to other liabilities arising from the 2006 ILO Maritime Labour Convention (MLC 2006), effective in Brazil since 2021.

Length of stay

Regardless of whether the seafarer holds an ILO C-185 SID or a passport, the Federal Police may require proof of the seafarer’s legitimacy and intention in the country and financial capacity. The immigration authority may also discretionarily limit the length of stay.

The maximum period of stay allowed for the seafarer in the country without a visa begins to count from the date of immigration clearance in the first Brazilian port. It ends when the vessel leaves the last Brazilian port – or the seafarer is repatriated. The length of stay is counted from the arrival (or departure) at the first (or last) immigration checkpoint.

Daily fines may be applied to seafarers who overstay.

Penalties

Immigration fines

The Brazilian Migration Law establishes fines against travellers (from BRL 100 to BRL 10,000) and carriers (from BRL 1,000 to BRL 1 million) for violating regulations. The penalty can be increased exponentially in case of recidivism.

Fines for bringing travellers (crews, passengers and stowaways) with irregular documents are usually set at the lower scale of the table (BRL 1,000 per person). However, the Federal Police may exercise discretion and raise the amount of the fine in the face of aggravating circumstances.

The shipowner is legally responsible for the crew, passengers and stowaways carried on board. The only exclusion of liability is where the offence occurred as a direct consequence of force majeure or an Act of God.

Apart from fines, the authority may order the repatriation or deportation of foreign travellers in breach of immigration rules.

Defences and safeguards

Penalties can be challenged administratively or judicially, with full rights of defence being ensured to the offender under the adversarial system with the right to appeal.

Immigration fines are subject to a five-year time bar from the date of the alleged violation. In the case of permanent or continuous infringement, the time bar will count from when the infraction has ceased.

Detailed information is available on Immigration Controls on Seafarers in Brazil – Practical Guidance.

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