一、背景

2021年下半年，广州海事局FSCO在广州港检查国内航行海船发现，6艘船舶的固定灭火系统CO₂钢瓶超过13年没有做水压试验。

业界有观点认为国内航行海船CO₂钢瓶不需要10年水压试验，目前国内没有相关的法规，相关通函没有强制性。

笔者通过对公约、通函及法规梳理，结合目前形势下船员对CO₂间的检查、维护、保养情况和关注程度，提醒业界高度警惕，国内航行海船CO₂钢瓶确需10年水压试验。

二、公约、通函、法规的相关要求摘录和解读

(一)1974年国际海上人命安全公约实时综合文本第 II-2/14.2.2. 灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查要求

2.2 Maintenance, testing and inspections

2.2.1 Maintenance, testing and inspections shall be carried out based on the guidelines developed by the Organization* and in a manner having due regard to ensuring the reliability of fire-fighting systems and appliances.

*Refer to the Guidelines on maintenance and inspection of fire protection systems and appliances(MSC/ Circ.850).

解读：灭火系统和设备的“维护保养、试验和检查应根据本组织制订的指南①进行，并充分考虑到保证灭火系统和设的可靠性”，该条款的指南是指MSC/Circ.850(通函)。公约中使用了“应根据本组织制订的指南①进行”，(shall be carried out based on the guidelines developed by the Organization*)，说明该指南具有强制性，船舶对灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验和检查必须按照MSC/Circ.850(通函)要求进行。

(二)MSC/ Circ.850通函的具体要求摘录和解读

GUIDELINES FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF FIRE-PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES(消防系统和设备的维护和检查指南)

The Maritime Safety Committee, at its sixty-ninth session(II to 20 May 1998), recognizing the importance of proper maintenance and inspection of fire-protection systems and appliances, approved Guidelines for the maintenance and inspection of fire-protection systems and appliances, as set out in the annex.

Member Governments are invited to bring the annexed Guidelines to the attention of shipowners, shipmasters, ships' officers and crew and all other parties concerned.

Five-year service

At least once every five years, the following inspections and tests should be carried out:(至少每五年进行一次以下检查和试验)

.1hydrostatic testing for all SCBA's cylinders; and

.2control valves of fixed fire-fighting systems should be internally inspected.

解读：MSC/Circ.850(通函)是指对船舶消防系统和设备的维护和检查指南，消防系统和设备包括固定CO₂灭火系统的钢瓶和手提式CO₂灭火器的钢瓶，不论是固定CO₂灭火系统的钢瓶还是手提式CO₂灭火器的钢瓶，每5年就要做一次水压试验，是强制性的，是刚性要求。

由于MSC/Circ.850(通函)的局限性，IMO海安会相继出台MSC/Circ.1318(通函)和MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函)，MSC/Circ.1318(通函)是固定式二氧化碳灭火系统的维护和检查指南，MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函)是对消防系统和设备维护和检查指南的修订，也就是对MSC/ Circ.850(通函)的修订，并取代MSC/Circ.850(通函)，说明MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函)对船舶消防系统和设备的维护和检查同样具有强制性。1974年国际海上人命安全公约实时综合文本第II-2/14.2.2.1灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查还是根据MSC/Circ.850(通函)要求进行，还没有更新，这是公约更新或修订时的一个小失误。

(三)MSC/Circ.1318(通函)具体要求摘录和解读

GUIDELINES FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTIONS OF FIXED CARBON DIOXIDE FIRE-EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

1 The Committee, at its eighty-sixth session(27 May to 5 June 2009), having considered the proposal by the Sub-Committee on Fire Protection, at its fifty-third session, approved Guidelines for the maintenance and inspections of fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems, as set out in the annex.

2 Member Governments are invited to apply the annexed Guidelines when inspecting fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems on board all ships and bring them to the attention of ship designers, shipowners, equipment manufacturers, and other parties concerned.

ANNEX

1 General

These Guidelines provide the minimum recommended level of maintenance and inspections for fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems on all ships, and are intended to demonstrate that the system is kept in good working order as specified in SOLAS regulation II-2/14.2.1.2. These Guidelines are intended to supplement the fire-extinguishing system manufacturer’s approved maintenance instructions. Certain maintenance procedures and inspections may be performed by competent crewmembers, while others should be performed by persons specially trained in the maintenance of such systems. The onboard maintenance plan should indicate which parts of the recommended inspections and maintenance should be completed by trained personnel.

2 Safety

Whenever carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems are subjected to inspection or maintenance, strict safety precautions should be followed to prevent the possibility that individuals performing or witnessing the activities are placed at risk. Prior to performing any work, a safety plan should be developed to account for all personnel and establish an effective communications system between the inspection personnel and the on-duty crew. Measures to avoid accidental discharges such as locking or removing the operating arms from directional valves, or shutting and locking the system block valve should be taken as the initial procedure for the protection of personnel performing any maintenance or inspections. All personnel should be notified of the impending activities before work is begun.

3 Maintenance and inspection plan

Fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems should be kept in good working order and readily available for immediate use. Maintenance and inspections should be carried out in accordance with the ship’s maintenance plan having due regard to ensuring the reliability of the system. The onboard maintenance plan should be included in the ship’s safety management system and should be based on the system manufacturer’s recommendations including:

Minimum recommended maintenance

the hydrostatic test date of all storage containers should be checked. High pressure cylinders should be subjected to periodical tests at intervals not exceeding 10 years. At the 10-year inspection, at least 10% of the total number provided should be subjected to an internal inspection and hydrostatic test**. If one or more cylinders fail, a total of 50% of the onboard cylinders should be tested. If further cylinders fail, all cylinders should be tested. Flexible hoses should be replaced at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer and not exceeding every 10 years.

解读：MSC/Circ.1318(通函)是固定CO₂灭火系统的维护和检查指南，并于2009年6月11日开始实施；MSC/ Circ.1318(通函)为所有船舶上固定式二氧化碳灭火系统提供了最低的维护和检查水平，旨在证明该系统保持在 SOLAS第II-2/14.2.1.2条规定的良好工作状态。同时该还要求成员国政府在检查所有船舶上的固定式二氧化碳灭火系统时应用所附指南，MSC/Circ.1318(通函)运用了“Minimum recommended maintenance”(推荐、建议)字眼，它是对固定灭火系统维护保养周期的推荐，它是SOLAS第II-2/14条要求的船上维护计划的基础，它是船上维护计划的最基本要求；

MSC/Circ.1318(通函)要求固定灭火系统CO₂钢瓶每10年要做水压试验，是对MSC/Circ.850(通函)固定灭火系统的补充要求，也就是说，2009年6月11日至2013年5月31日之前，固定灭火系统CO₂钢瓶每5年就要做一次水压试验是刚性要求，固定灭火系统CO₂钢瓶每10年就要做一次水压试验是也可以；此时间段，我国监管机构的船检部门要求以10年一次水压试验为统一标准。

(四)MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函)部分具体要求摘录和解读

REVISED GUIDELINES FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND APPLIANCES

1 The Maritime Safety Committee, at its ninetieth session(16 to 25 May 2012), having considered a proposal by the Sub-Committee on Fire Protection, at its fifty-fifth session, and recognizing the need to include maintenance and inspection guidelines for the latest advancements in fire-protection systems and appliances, approved the Revised Guidelines for the maintenance and inspection of fire protection systems and appliances, as set out in the annex.

2 Member Governments are invited to apply the annexed Guidelines when performing maintenance, testing and inspections in accordance with SOLAS regulation II-2/14.2.2.1 on or after 31 May 2013 and bring the annexed Guidelines to the attention of shipowners, shipmasters, ships' officers and crew and all other parties concerned.

3.3 This circular supersedes MSC/Circ.850.本通函取代MSC/Circ.850。

1 Application

These Guidelines apply to all ships and provide the minimum recommended level of maintenance and inspections for fire protection systems and appliances.  This information may be used as a basis for the ship's onboard maintenance plan required by SOLAS regulation II-2/14. These Guidelines do not address maintenance and inspection of fixed carbon dioxide systems or portable fire extinguishers.  Refer to the comprehensive instructions provided in the Guidelines for the maintenance and inspections of fixed carbon dioxide fire-extinguishing systems (MSC.1/Circ.1318) for fixed carbon dioxide systems, and in the Improved Guidelines for marine portable fire extinguishers(resolution A.951(23))for portable fire extinguishers.

10 Ten-year service

At least once every 10 years, the following inspections should be carried out for the specified equipment:

10.1 Fixed gas fire-extinguishing systems

.1 perform a hydrostatic test and internal examination of 10 per cent of the system's extinguishing agent and pilot cylinders.  If one or more cylinders fail, a total of 50 per cent of the onboard cylinders should be tested.  If further cylinders fail, all cylinders should be tested;

.2 flexible hoses should be replaced at the intervals recommended by the manufacturer and not exceeding every 10 years; and

.3 if permitted by the Administration, visual inspection and NDT(non-destructive testing)of halon cylinders may be performed in lieu of hydrostatic testing.

10.2 Water mist, water spray and sprinkler systems

Perform a hydrostatic test and internal examination for gas and water pressure cylinders according to flag Administration guidelines or, where these do not exist, EN 1968:2002+A1.

10.3 Fixed dry chemical powder systems.

Subject all powder containment vessels to hydrostatic or non-destructive testing carried out by an accredited service agent.

解读：MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函) 是对消防系统和设备维护和检查指南的修订，也就是对MSC/Circ.850的修订，并取代MSC/Circ.850通函；该通函要求所有船舶每10年对船上灭火系统的10%的灭火剂和先导气瓶进行水压试验和内部检查，如果一个或多个气瓶出现故障，则应测试总共50%的车载气瓶，如果更多的气瓶出现故障，则应对所有气瓶进行测试，同时强调固定二氧化碳系统的维护和检查按照《固定式二氧化碳灭火系统维护和检查指南》(MSC.1/Circ.1318通函)要求进行。

MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函)适用于所有船舶，并为消防系统和设备提供了最低推荐的维护和检查水平。该信息可用作SOLAS第II-2/14条要求的船上维护计划的基础，并要求成员国政府在2013年5月31日或之后根据SOLAS公约第II-2/14.2.2.1条进行维护、测试和检查时应用所附指南，并提请船东、船长、高级船员注意所附指南 以及船员和所有其他相关方，进一步说明说明MSC.1/Circ.1432(通函)的强制性。

(五)国内法规具体要求摘录和解读

《国内航行海船法定检验技术规则2020》第2-2章1.19.2条：防火系统及灭火系统和设备随时可操作状态与维护保养和检查要求：

船上应备有维护保养和检查计划，由专人按照计划定期对防火系统和灭火系统及设备进行维护，保养和检查，并做相应记录。

(1)船舶在营运期间的任何时候，应对防火系统及灭火系统和设备应进行维护保养，使其随时可用。船舶非营运期间系指以下情况：

a)船舶正在修理或闲置(在锚地或在港内)或进干船坞；

b)船舶所有人宣布船舶停止营运；和

c)对于客船，船上无乘客。

(2)已使用过的手提式灭火器应立即再充装或用等效装置替代。

(3)维护保养、试验和检查应根据国际海事组织(IMO)制定的指南①进行，并充分考虑到确保灭火系统和设备的可靠性。

(4)维护保养计划应保存在船上，并应在主管机关要求时出示，以供其检查。

解读：维护保养、试验和检查应根据国际海事组织(IMO)制定的指南①进行，并充分考虑到确保灭火系统和设备的可靠性。请注意字眼“应根据国际海事组织(IMO)制定的指南①(MSC/Circ.1432通函)。进行”，说明国内航行海船灭火系统和设备强制性检验要求按MSC/Circ.1432 指南进行；《国内航行海船法定检验技术规则》是国内FSCO检查船舶的“法典”，相比SOLAS公约具有滞后性，灭火系统和设备的检查指南，我国在2020年才“引进”，《国内航行海船法定检验技术规则2020》自2020 年8月1日起实施，但是它并不影响MSC/Circ.1432通函实施的时效性，所有国内航行海船在2013年5月31日或之后根据SOLAS第II-2/14.2.2.1条进行维护、测试和检查时适用MSC/Circ.1432通函所附导则，并提请船东、船长、船舶高级船员和船员及所有其他有关方面注意所附导则。 

三、梳理公约、通函、法规与消防系统及设备之间的关系

1、1974年国际海上人命安全公约实时综合文本第II-2/14.2.2.灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查要求，MSC/Circ.850通函是具有强制性；

2、MSC/Circ.1432通函取代MSC/Circ.850通函，说明MSC/Circ.1432通函对SOLAS公约第II-2/14.2.2.灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查要求同样具有强制性；SOLAS公约实时综合文本第II-2/14.2.2.灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查要求，还是根据MSC/Circ.850通函进行，说明SOLAS公约更新或修订时出现疏忽；

3、《国内航行海船法定检验技术规则2020》对灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查要求已经按MSC/Circ.1432通函规定进行；说明对我国国内航行船舶灭火系统和设备的维护保养、试验、检查，MSC/Circ.1432通函是具有强制性；

4、MSC/Circ.1432通函特别指出，对固定式二氧化碳灭火系统维护和检查要根据MSC/Circ.1318通函的规定进行；因此，我国国内航行海船固定灭火系统强制性检验标准应根据MSC/Circ.1318规定进行，说明对我国国内航行船舶固定灭火系统的检验，MSC/Circ.1318通函是具有强制性。

四、对通函理解和执行现状

1、对通函的理解

由于SOLAS公约和法规涉及推荐性和建议性的通函居多，再就是SOLAS公约和法规修订的失误和滞后，让业界绝大多数人都有一个共同的观点，认为本文中的三个通函都是“建议性的”，不具有强制性；对公约和法规中关键条文的理解，一定要认真对比理解，公约中有“shall be carried out based on the guidelines developed by the Organization*’字眼, 说明该指南具有强制性，否则，指南只是建议性；同样，法规中有“应根据国际海事组织(IMO)制定的指南①进行”，说明该指南具有强制性，否则，指南只具有建议性。

业界不少人对法规纳入通函理解有误区，《国内航行海船法定检验技术规则2020》开始纳入MSC/Circ.1432 通函，《国内航行海船法定检验技术规则2020》自2020年8月1日起实施，MSC/Circ.1432通函要求2013 年5月31日或之后开始实施，由于这两个时间不统一，有不少人认为，2020年8月1日以前安放龙骨的船舶，消防灭火系统和设备的检验不受MSC/Circ.1432通函要求制约。法规对MSC/Circ.1432通函的纳入，就已经明确：所有船舶的消防灭火系统和设备的检验不受船舶安放龙骨时间限制，而是以MSC/Circ.1432通函所要求的时间为准。

对比理解没有强制性的通函

例如：1974年国际海上人命安全公约实时综合文本第 VI章第4条船上使用杀虫剂①

Regulation 4

The use of pesticides in ships①

Appropriate precautions shall be taken in the use of pesticides in ships, in particular for the purposes of fumigation.

①Reference is made to the IMO Recommendation on the Safe Use of Pesticides in Ships, as amended。

解读：公约条款原文The use of pesticides in ships①

有①的标记，然后再标注参见经修正的IMO《关于在船上安全使用杀虫剂的建议案》，说明此类通函是建议性，不具有强制性。

2、执行现状

由于对通函理解的偏差，对船舶的管理必然会出现漏洞，半年时间，广州辖区连续出现6艘船舶超过13年不对固定灭火系统钢瓶做10年水压试验就是最好的例证，根据笔者的调研，还有不少船舶超过10年没有对固定灭火系统钢瓶做10年水压试验，现状确实令人堪忧。

五、建议

1、船检部门

为消除疑虑，杜绝此类安全隐患发生，建议船检部门发文解释，效果或立竿见影。

2、部分船东和船长

建议相关船东和船长，按照法规和通函相关要求管理船舶，运用“良好的船艺”管理船舶。

3、现场执法人员

本文论述的是国内航行海船固定灭火系统CO₂钢瓶检验问题，对现场执法人员而言，建议相互之间多交流，与船检部门技术人员多交流。

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