案例概况
检查过程
2021年X月XX日,吴淞海事局在军工路4泊位对一艘伯利兹籍的多用途船“M**”轮开展PSC检查。在检查中发现涉及到船舶涉嫌隐蔽排放生活污水的缺陷,非常具有新颖和典型性。
缺陷描述
14403 It is appears no any sewage stored on board as it is demonstrated by that sewage treatment plant has not been put in service and sewage holding tank was empty after the manhole cover was dismantled.Also,there is no any sewage found in other place on board.Thus it is suspected that sewage discharged to sea directly . ---------30 M73/78/ANIV/R9
14403 检查时发现生活污水处理装置未开启,且经过拆解人孔盖发现生活污水储存柜内为空,表明船上未储存任何生活污水。同时,船上其他位置也未发现储存生活污水。因此,怀疑船上生活污水直接排放至舷外。--------30 M73/78/ANIV/R9
相关公约/法规条文及其分析
(一)公约/法规原文
一、MARPOL 73/78/ANNEX IV/R9:Sewage systems
1.Every ship which, in accordance with regulation2, is required to comply with the provisions of this Annex shall be equipped with one of the following sewage system:.
.1 a sewage treatment plant which shall be of a type approved by the Administration, taking into account the standards and test methods developed by the Organization,or.
.2 a sewage comminuting and disinfecting system approved by the Administration. Such system shall be fitted with facilities to the satisfaction of the Administration, for the temporary storage of sewage when the ship is less than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land, or
.3 A holding tank of the capacity to the satisfaction of the Administration for the retention of all sewage, having regard to the operation of the ship, the number of persons on board and other relevant factors. The holding tank shall be constructed to the satisfaction of the Administration and shall have a means to indicate visually the amount of its contents.
一、MARPOL 73/78/ANNEX IV/R9:生活污水系统
1 凡按第2条的规定,要求符合本附则各项规定的每条船舶,均应配备下列之一的生活污水系统。
.1 生活污水处理装置,该装置应经主管机关型式认可,并考虑到本组织制定的标准和试验方法:或
.2 经主管机关认可的生活污水粉碎和消毒系统,该系统应配备令主管机关满意的各项设施,用于船舶在离最近陆地不到3 n mile的临时储存生活污水;或
.3 集污舱,该集污舱的容量应参照船舶营运情况、船上人数和其他相关因素,能存放全部生活污水,并使主管机关满意。集污舱的构造应使主管机关满意,并应设有能指示其集存数量的目视装置。
二、MARPOL 73/78/ANNEX IV/R11:Discharge of sewage
1. Subject to the provision of regulation 3 of this Annex, the discharge of sewage into the sea is prohibited,except when:
.1 the ship is discharge comminuted and disinfected sewage using a system approved by the Administration in accordance with regulation 9.1.2 of this Annex at a distance of more than 3 nautical miles from the nearest land, or sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected at a distance more than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, provided that, in any case, the sewage that has been stored in holding tanks shall not be discharged instantaneously but at a moderate rate when the ship is en route and proceeding at not less than 4 knots; the rate of discharge shall be approved by the Administration based upon standards developed by Organization;or
.2 the ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant which has been certified by the Administration to meet the operational requirements referred to in regulation 9.1.1 of this Annex,
.2.1 the test results of the plant are laid down in the ship’s International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate;and
.2.2 additionally, the effluent shall not produce visible floating solids nor cause discoloration of the surrounding water.
二、MARPOL 73/78/ANNEX IV/R11:生活污水排放
1 除本附则第3条规定外,应禁止将生活污水排放入海,但下列情况除外:
.1 船舶在距最近陆地3n mile以外,使用主管机关按照本附则第9.1.2所认可的系统排放经粉碎和消毒的生活污水,或在距最近陆地12 n mile以外排放未经粉碎和消毒的生活污水。但在任何情况下,不得将集污舱中储存的生活污水或源自装有***动物处所的生活污水顷刻排放,而应在航行途中,船舶以不小于4km的航速航行时,以中等速率排放;排放率应经主管机关根据本组织制定的标准予以批准;或
.2 船舶所设经批准的生活污水处理装置正在运转,该装置已由主管机关验证符合本附则第9.1.1条所述的操作要求,同时
.2.1 该装置的试验结果已写入该船的《国际防止生活污水污染证书》;和
.2.2 此外,排出物在其周围的水中不应产生可见的漂浮固体,也不应使水变色。
(二)案例分析
本案中,船舶接受检查期间,黑水管系通往集污舱,进生活污水处理装置的阀门关闭,现场进一步询问了解到,船舶整个进港期间,生活污水始终存储在集污舱内,处理装置长期未使用。
检查人员敲击集污舱,存在空舱的回音,且上下敲击声音一致,经拆解污水柜低位人孔发现,水柜内无存水。证书显示,该水柜容量为3.885m³,船上人员12人,自长江口至码头前后有4天,按照推荐公式,水柜应基本处于满舱状态,经询问,船上无其他舱室用于存储生活污水,约4个m³的生活污水去向不明。
经与船长的进一步询问核实,船长承认集污舱通舷外的阀门始终处于开启状态,PSCO登船后才临时关闭。该船非法排污事实明确。
缺陷的处理与纠正
PSCO根据船上人数、排放时间,估算了生活污水排放量,经轮机长核实确认后,对该船开具了违章。
此外,该轮生活污水处理装置因长时间未曝气供氧,细菌无法保证活性,PSCO要求该轮重新购置并培养细菌,在细菌环境未有效建立前,通过集污舱存储污水,并到港接收。该轮按要求购置了相关细菌材料。
案例引发的思考与建议
❖ 保护水体环境清洁,越来越成为国际共识,MARPOL公约附则4对船舶生活污水管理提出了具体要求,包括处理系统、排放标准,2017版《港口国监督程序》中,将涉及生活污水处理装置的相关缺陷列入可滞留缺陷清单,近年来,亚太备忘录港口国监督检查中,有关生活污水类滞留缺陷名列前茅。
❖ 我国《船舶生活污水排放标准GB3552-2018》于2018年7月1日生效,在公约的基础上,对排放物限值、航行中排放等多方面提出了更高的要求,外籍船舶进入我国内水需要遵照执行。2021年《中华人民共和国长江保护法》的实施,通过国内法的形式突出对长江流域水污染的防治措施,相对公约而言,我国国内法对船舶水污染排放的规定要求更高、标准更严。
❖ 从近期检查来看,船舶普遍配备的集污舱,以应对“经生活污水处理装置处理后的污水也需航行中排放”的法律要求,这也给予了一些船舶可乘之机,类似本案中的船舶,污水通过集污舱直接排海,迎接检查前再关闭阀门,由于目视装置的锈蚀,检查员一般无法观看集污舱内的实际水量,而开舱验证,对检查员的能力和经验提出了更高的要求,在无把握的情况下,开启低位人孔存,存在着较大的舱内污染风险,需要我们给予更多的关注。
来源:吴淞海事局
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