Chapter 1  the Ship’s Structure and Bridge Equipments

Ship’s Structure

The foremost part is called the bow and the rearmost part is called stern. When standing in a ship and facing the bow，the left-hand side is called port side and the right-hand side is called the starboard side.

All permanent housing above the main deck is known as superstructure. At the fore end is the forecastle. At the after end is the poop.

The main part of a ship is the hull. This is the area between the main decks，the sides and the bottom. It is made up of frames covered with plating. The hull is divided up into a number of watertight compartments by decks and bulkheads. Bulkheads are vertical steel walls going across the ship and along. Decks divide the hull horizontally. Those dividing up cargo spaces are known as tween-decks. The hull contains the engine room，cargo space and a number of tanks. In dry cargo ships the cargo space is divided into holds，in liquid cargo ships it is divided into tanks. At the fore end of the hull are the fore-peak tanks and at the after end the after peak tanks. They are used for fresh water and water ballast. The space between the holds and the bottom of the hull contains double bottom tanks. These are used for ballast water and fuel.

第1章  船舶结构和

驾驶台设备

船舶结构

船舶最前部分称为船首，最后部分称为船尾。面向船首站在船上，左手一侧称为左舷，右手一侧称为右舷。

主甲板以上的所有永久性结构称为上层建筑。在前端是艏楼。在后部是艉楼。

船舶的主要部分是船体。这是主甲板、翼板和船底围成的区域。它是由覆盖有船壳板的肋骨构成的。船体由甲板和舱壁分成许多水密分舱。舱壁是纵横竖直钢质围壁。甲板水平分隔船体。划分货物空间的甲板称为二层甲板。船体包括机舱、货物舱位和一些液体舱。在干货船上，货物舱位被分成货舱，在液货船上货物舱位被分成液货舱。在船体的首端是艏尖舱，尾端是艉尖舱。它们是用于装淡水和压载水的。船体的货舱和船体之间的空间是双层底。它们是用于装压载水和燃料的。

(be made up of…由……构成)

(watertight the fore-peak tank 艏尖舱)

. Knowing how fast a vessel turns with various angles of rudder is a tremendous aid to a shiphandler especially when entering a channel. Most indicators show in tenths of a degree to a maximum 2°per second the rate of turn to port and starboard. The rate of increasing or decreasing can be used to advantage by both the OOW and the helmsman. There should be a rate of turn indicator on the bridge in addition to one on the helm. It is important for the OOW to know whether the R.O.T. is calibrated in degrees per minute or degrees per second.

11. Doppler Speed Log

This indicator will provide information on lateral motion of the bow and stern and the forward and aft movement in knots，meters，or feet per second. An arrow should also indicate the direction of movement. The Doppler speed log is a tremendous aid when anchoring or docking. It should also be monitored at sea by the OOW and compared to other instruments and speed between fixes for verification purposes. The OOW must be aware of whether the Doppler mode is “water track” or “ground track”. Some Doppler logs fitted to ships can change automatically from one mode to another which is very confusing and dangerous to the navigator.

12. Binoculars

Although binoculars should be kept handy，it is not necessary，as on Navy ships，for the OOW to strap them about his or her neck. However，they must be designated for the watchstander’s use and should be kept in a designated box. While in use they should be carefully handled. The proper adjustment for focusing should be made prior to assuming the watch. Binoculars can be individually focused or center focused for both eyes.

The most common marine binoculars are designated 7×50，meaning 7 powers and an objective lens 50 mm in diameter，making them particularly suitable for nighttime use. The bigger the lens the more light-gathering ability is provided by the binoculars.

To care for your binoculars：

1) Keep the lens covers that come with the binoculars on the lenses when the binoculars are not in used，thereby keeping the optics free from dust and finger smears.

2) When wiping the lens，use the lens cloth that comes with the binoculars，or a soft，lintless cloth.

3) To remove any remaining dirt or smudges，add one or two drops of alcohol to the cloth.

4) Store the binoculars in a moisture-free area.

13. Flashlight

A flashlight and a penlight are mandatory for OOW during night watches.

主甲11．多普勒速度计程仪

该指示器将显示以节、米或英尺/秒为单位的船首和船尾横向运动和向前和向后运动的信位之间的速度进行比较来确认。值班驾驶员必须清楚多普勒计程仪的工作方式是对水航迹还是对地航迹。一些装船的多普勒速度计程仪能够自动从一种工作方式转换到另一种工作方式，这很混乱而且对航海者也是危险的。

(lateral motion  横向运动，侧摆)

12．双筒望远镜

尽管望远镜应当保持在手边，但也不必要像军舰那样，值班驾驶员把它挂在脖子上。然而，望远镜必须指定供值班人员使用并保存在指定的盒子中。使用时，望远镜应当小心拿持。值班前，望远镜应当认真调节聚焦。调节聚焦可以分别单眼进行或双眼中心聚焦。

最常用的航海望远镜是设计为7×50，意思是放大7倍，物镜直径为50毫米，使得它们尤其适合夜间使用。物镜越大，望远镜提供的聚光能力越强。

保管望远镜：

1)望远镜不使用时，要将随镜的镜盖盖上，以保持镜片没有灰尘和手印。

2)擦拭镜片时，使用随镜带来的擦镜布，或软的无绒的布。

3)为了除去残留的污垢或污迹，往擦镜布上滴1~2滴酒精。

4)望远镜存放在没有潮气的地方。

13．手电筒

手电筒和笔形电筒对夜间值班驾驶员是必要的。